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Bear Trap: Building a Pre-Conflict Underground Force to Resist the Future Enemy
James Stejskal  

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Pub. online: 5 August 2022      Type: Research Article      Open accessOpen Access

Received
15 April 2022
Accepted
25 April 2022
Published
5 August 2022

Abstract

This paper will discuss the Resistance Operating Concept and how nations should prepare to resist a potential enemy before an invasion takes place. Oriented towards the self-defense of small countries by a resistance or partisan force, it describes past examples of resistance groups in Europe. Specifically, by discussing the long-term survival of resilient organizations, its focus will be on the basic factors crucial for an underground resistance, including security, organization, and training. It also considers the need for a practitioner-oriented manual that can be disseminated at the widest levels to guide and enable future resistance operations.

References

 
CIA. (n.d.) ‘CIA Records of the Historical Staff, Record Group 263.2.2’, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
 
Gubbins, Colin. (1939) The Art of Guerilla Warfare. London: Military Intelligence (Research).
 
HQs, Department of the Army. (2008) FM 3-05.130: Army Special Operations Forces Unconventional Warfare. Washington, DC.
 
Kennan, George. (2014) The Kennan Diaries. New York W. W. Norton and Company.
 
Molnar, Anthony, et al. (1965) Human Factors Considerations of Undergrounds in Insurgencies. Washington D.C. SORO, The American University.
 
Spencer, John. (2022) The Mini-Manual for the Urban Defender, US Army. [Online]. Available at: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/622cbafd4ab19b7c0966d469/t/624b0fcc746c1e4ec5984cd6/1649086413544/Mini_Manual_Spencerv4_English_03APR22v2.pdf (Accessed: 09 May 2022).
 
Stejskal, James. (2013) ‘Killing the Beast: the Assassination of a Reichsprotektor’, Military History Monthly (MHM29), Feb 2013.
 
Stejskal, James. (2017) Special Forces Berlin: Cold War Operations of the U.S. Army’s Elite, 1956-1990. Philadelphia Casemate.
 
Stringer, Kevin D. (2021) ‘Survival in the Russian Occupied Zone: Command and Organization in Resistance Underground Operations’, Military Review, Vol. 101, No. 4, July-August 2021, pp. 125-132.

Footnotes

[1] Supplementary material Both the ROC and the CDH use the bureaucratic term ‘Asymmetric Defense Component’ as a name the resistance organization
[2] Supplementary material An analogous handbook: The Mini-Manual for the Urban Defender by Major John Spencer, US Army, has already been produced and distributed to Ukrainian defenders. It is available at https://static1.squarespace.com/static/622cbafd4ab19b7c0966d469/t/624b0fcc746c1e4ec5984cd6/1649086413544/Mini_Manual_Spencerv4_English_03APR22v2.pdf
[3] Supplementary material I have chosen to use the ‘old school’ definitions as they are the simplest and best descriptors of the components of a resistance organization and are as outlined in: HQs, Department of the Army. (2008) FM 3-05.130: Army Special Operations Forces Unconventional Warfare, Washington, DC, 30 Sept 2008, p. 4-6.
[4] Supplementary material This was because U.S. Military personnel were prohibited from ‘recruiting’ an intelligence asset during peace-time unless the recruiter was a certified case officer. One benefit of not recruiting an individual, even if suitable, is that it does not flag intent or expose operational information to the candidate until necessary.
[5] Supplementary material Specifically, we are speaking of Armed Resistance or Guerrillas fighting an outside occupation of a nation as opposed to insurgents fighting an existing government.

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Keywords
resistance resistance operating concept guerilla warfare unconventional warfare

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Journal on Baltic Security

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