Journal on Baltic Security logo


  • Help
Login Register

  1. Home
  2. Issues
  3. Volume 8, Issue 2 (2022)
  4. Resilience and Resistance in the Digital ...

Journal on Baltic Security

Submit your article Information Become a Peer-reviewer
  • Article info
  • Full article
  • Related articles
  • More
    Article info Full article Related articles

Resilience and Resistance in the Digital Age: Revisiting the Threshold Effect in Total Defence
Volume 8, Issue 2 (2022), pp. 41–60
Elin Berg   Ulrica Pettersson  

Authors

 
Placeholder
https://doi.org/10.57767/jobs_2022_0013
Pub. online: 19 October 2022      Type: Research Article      Open accessOpen Access

Received
5 July 2022
Accepted
10 October 2022
Published
19 October 2022

Abstract

For several years, the Supreme Commander of the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF), M. Bydén, has acknowledged the significance of digital security threats (Bydén, 2017). Even now, he continues to stress the importance of taking such threats seriously; ‘Sweden is attacked everyday by means that harm our society today and in the more long-term. We are not in a military conflict on and about Swedish territory, but we are in a conflict about the values we want to uphold and interests we want to be handled in a democratic way’ (Dagens Nyheter, 2022).

References

 
Akinwotu, Emmanuel. (2021) ‘Facebook’s role in Myanmar and Ethiopia under new scrutiny’, The Guardian. 7 October. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/oct/07/facebooks-role-in-myanmar-and-ethiopia-under-new-scrutiny, (Accessed 1 July 2022).
 
Art, Robert J. (1980) ‘To What Ends Military Power?’ International Security. 4 (4), pp. 3–35.
 
Atkinson, Carol. (2018) ‘Hybrid Warfare and Societal Resilience: Implications for Democratic Governance’, Information and Security: An International Journal, 39 (1), pp. 63-76.
 
Bērziņš, Jānis. (2014) ‘Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy’, National Defence Academy of Latvia, Center for Security and Strategic Research, Policy Paper, no. 2.
 
Bourbeau, Philippe. (2013) Resiliencism: Premises and promises in securitization research. Resilience: International Policies, Discourses and Practices. Available at: https://www.academia.edu/4434934/Bourbeau_Philippe_Resiliencism_Premises_and_promises_in_securitization_research_Resilience_International_Policies_Discourses_and_Practices_2013_1_1_4_17_Lead_Article , (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Bovet, Alexandre, and Makse, Hernán A. (2019) ‘Influence of fake news in Twitter during the 2016 US presidential election’, Nature communications. 10 (1), pp. 7–14.
 
Braw, Elisabeth. (2021) Producing Fear in the Enemy’s Mind: How to Adapt Cold War Deterrence for Gray-Zone Aggression. Research report, The American Enterprise Institute, JSTOR, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30207?seq=1, (Accessed: 12 June 2022)
 
Bydén, Micael. (2017) Förmågor idag och imorgon - Rikskonferensen. Available at: https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/aktuellt/2017/01/ob-holl-anforande-pa-folk-forsvars-rikskonferens (Accessed: 12 May 2022)
 
Clack, Timothy, and Johnson, Robert. (Eds.) (2021) The World Information War: Western Resilience, Campaigning, and Cognitive Effects. Abindon, Oxon and New York, NY: Routledge.
 
Dagens Nyheter. (2022) ÖB: Sverige angrips varje dag. 11 January. Available at: https://www.dn.se/sverige/ob-sverige-angrips-varje-dag/ (Accessed: 30 June 2022)
 
Fiala, Otto, and Pettersson, Ulrica. (2020) ‘ROC(K) Solid Preparedness: Resistance Operations Concept in the Shadow of Russia’, Prism. 8 (4), pp. 17–28.
 
Försvarsmakten [Swedish Armed Forces]. (n.d.) Cyberförsvar. Available at: https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/sv/var-verksamhet/det-har-gor-forsvarsmakten/cyberforsvar (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Försvarsmakten [Swedish Armed Forces]. (2016) Militärstrategisk doktrin [Stratigic Doctrine] MSD 16, Stockholm: Swedish Armed Forces.
 
Försvarsmakten [Swedish Armed Forces]. (2020) Militärstrategisk doktrin [Stratigic Doctrine] MSD 20. Stockholm: Swedish Armed Forces.
 
Försvarsmakten [Swedish Armed Forces]. (2021) When the war comes, episode 2, ‘The grey area’. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1985OMqm1pE, (Accessed 1 July 2022)
 
Gerasimov, Valeri. (2015) Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Federation, ‘Moscow’s Shadows. Analysis and Assessment of Russian Crime and Security’, Available at: https://inmoscowshadows.wordprss.com/2014/07/06/the-gerasimov-doctrine-and-russian-non-linear-war/ (Accessed: 6 of Feb 2015)
 
Hagström, Linus, and Gustafsson, Karl. (2021) ‘The limitations of strategic narratives: The Sino-American struggle over the meaning of COVID-19', Contemporary Security Policy. 42 (4), pp. 415–449.
 
Heeks, Richard, and Ospina, Angelica V. (2019) ‘Conceptualising the link between information systems and resilience: A developing country field study’, Information Systems Journal 29 (1), pp. 70–96.
 
Hern, Alex. (2022) 'Satellite images of corpses in Bucha contradict Russian claims',. The Guardian. 5 April, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/05/satellite-images-of-corpses-in-bucha-prove-russian-claims-wrong (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Hirblinger, Andreas T. (2020) Digital Inclusion in Peacemaking: A Strategic Perspective. Geneva, Switzerland: Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Center on Conflict and Development and Peacebuilding.
 
Horn, Bernd, Kiras, D. James, and Spencer, Emily. (2021) The (in)visible hand: Strategic Sabotage. Ottowa: CANSOF, Wing Winnipeg Publishing Office.
 
Hoskins, Andrew. et al. (2020) Digital war. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
 
Hughes, Geraint. (2020) ‘War in the Grey Zone: Historical Reflections and Contemporary Implications’, Survival (London). 62 (3), pp. 131–158.
 
Humprecht, Edda, Esser, Frank, and Van Aelst, Peter. (2020) ‘Resilience to online disinformation: A framework for cross-national comparative research’, The International Journal of Press/Politics 25 (3), pp. 493-516.
 
Johansson, Linda. (2018) ‘Ethical Aspects of Military Maritime and Aerial Autonomous Systems’, Journal of Military Ethics. 17 (2–3), pp. 140–155.
 
Jordan, Javier. (2020) ‘International Competition Below the Threshold of War: Toward a Theory of Gray Zone Conflict’, Journal of Strategic Security. 14 (1), pp. 1–24.
 
Kaplan, Robert D. (2019) ‘A New Cold War Has Begun’, Foreign Policy. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/01/07/a-new-cold-war-has-begun/, (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Kemp, Simon. (2020) Digital 2020: Global Digital Overview. Available at: https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-global-digital-overview, (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
KTH Royal Institute of Technology (2022) Centre for Cyber Defence and Information Security. Available at: https://www.kth.se/cdis/centre-for-cyber-defence-and-information-security-1.946971 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Maskaliūnaitė, Asta. (2021) ‘Exploring Resistance Operating Concept. Promises and pitfalls of (violent) underground resistance’, Journal on Baltic Security. Vol 7 (1), pp. 27–38.
 
Mazarr, Michael J. (2015) Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict. U.S. Army War College Carlisle. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1000186 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Mckew, Molly K. (2017) ‘The Gerasimov Doctrine’, Politico. Available at: https://politi.co/2KZQlKd (Accessed 1 July 2022)
 
Miller, Christopher, Scott, Mark, and Bender, Bryan. (2022) ‘UkraineX: How Elon Musk’s space satellites changed the war on the ground’, Politico. Available at: https://www.politico.eu/article/elon-musk-ukraine-starlink (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Nakasone, Paul M., and Lewis, Charlie. (2017) ‘Cyberspace in Multi-Domain Battle’, The Cyber Defense Review. 2 (1), pp. 15–26.
 
Nindl, B., Billing, D., Drain, J., Beckner, M., Greeves, J., Groeller, H., Teien, H., Marcora, S., Moffitt, A., Reilly, T., Taylor, N., Young, A. and Friedl, K. (2018) ‘Perspectives on resilience for military readiness and preparedness: Report of an international military physiology roundtable’, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 21 (11), pp. 1116–1124.
 
PDA - Psychological Defense Agency [Myndigheten för psykologiskt försvar] (2022) Available at: https://www.mpf.se (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Raine, J. (2019) ‘War or peace? Understanding the grey zone’, IISS. Available at: https://www.iiss.org/blogs/analysis/2019/04/understanding-the-grey-zone, (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Regeringskansliet. (2022) Disinformation campaign against Swedish public authorities regarding social services. Available at: https://www.government.se/articles/2022/02/disinformation-campaign-against-swedish-public-authorities-regarding-social-services (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
SCCA - Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency [Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap] (2022) Available at: https://www.msb.se/sv, (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2021) ‘World military spending rises to almost $2 trillion in 2020’, SIPRI. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2021/world-military-spending-rises-almost-2-trillion-2020 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Stringer, Kevin D., and Fiala, Otto C. (2019) ‘The ROC: The Resistance Operating Concept: Special Operations Command Europe’s Collaborative Approach within Unconventional Warfare’, Special warfare. 32 (3).
 
Thiele, Ralph D. (2016) ‘Building Resilience Readiness against Hybrid Threats – A Cooperative European Union/NATO Perspective’, Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Building-Resilience-Readiness-against-Hybrid-%E2%80%93-A-Thiele/e84ee04e90228cc69a8029e2cc8b2b67cd22bdf5, (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Tidy, Joe. (2021) ‘Swedish Coop supermarkets shut due to US ransomware cyber-attack’, BBC News. 3 July. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-57707530 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Trithara, Dakoda. (n.d.) ‘Securitizing Disinformation: The Case of Westminster’s Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee’, Democracy and Security. (ahead-of-print), 1–28.
 
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (2020) Impact of COVID-19 on Violent Extremism and Terrorism. UNITAR. Available at: https://www.unitar.org/learning-solutions/publications/impact-covid-19-violent-extremism-and-terrorism (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Vasu, Norman. (2016) ‘Resilience and National Security: ”Everyone Has a Plan ’Til They Get Punched in the Mouth”’, in State, Society and National Security. World Scientific. pp. 93–102. Available at: https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789813140127_0007 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Warren, T. Camber. (2014) ‘Not by the Sword Alone: Soft Power, Mass Media, and the Production of State Sovereignty’, International Organization. 68 (1), pp. 111–141.
 
Weissmann, Mikael, Nilsson, Niklas, Palmertz, Björn, and Thunholm, Per. (2021) Hybrid Warfare: Security and Asymmetric Conflict in International Relations. London: I.B. Tauris. Available at: http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/hybrid-warfare-security-and-asymmetric-conflict-in-international-relations (Accessed: 26 August 2021)
 
Wilson, D. (2018) ‘The Anatomy of Two-Level Maintenance in Multi-Domain Battle’, Army Sustainment. 50 (1), pp. 32-35.
 
Wilson, Tom, and Howcroft, Elizabeth. (2022) ‘Cryptocurrencies in a time of war’, Reuters. 4 March. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/technology/cryptocurrencies-time-war-2022-03-04 (Accessed: 1 July 2022)
 
Wirtz, James J. (2017) ‘Life in the ‘Gray Zone’: observations for contemporary strategists’, Defense and Security Analysis. 33 (2), pp. 106–114.
 
Wither, James Kenneth. (2020) ‘Back to the future? Nordic total defence concepts’, Defence Studies. 20 (1), pp. 61–81.
 
Young, Elizabeth. (2013) ‘Decade of War: Enduring Lessons from a Decade of Operations’, PRISM. 4 (2), 123.
 
Završnik, Aleš. (2016) Drones and unmanned aerial systems: legal and social implications for security and surveillance. Cham: Springer.

Full article Related articles PDF XML
Full article Related articles PDF XML

Copyright
Open Access. ©
by logo by logo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Keywords
threshold digital battlefield small state resilience

Metrics (since May 2021)
0

Article info
views

0

Full article
views

123

PDF
downloads

63

XML
downloads

Export citation

Copy and paste formatted citation
Placeholder

Download citation in file


Share


RSS

Journal on Baltic Security

  • Online ISSN: 2382-9230
  • Print ISSN: 2382-9222
  • Copyright © 2021 Baltic Defence College

About

  • About journal

For contributors

  • Submit
  • OA Policy
  • Become a Peer-reviewer

Contact us

  • Baltic Defence College,
    Riia 12, 51010,
    Tartu, Estonia
Powered by PubliMill  •  Privacy policy