Securing Offshore Wind Farms in Poland: Legal Responsibilities, Institutional Gaps, and Hybrid Threat Resilience in the Baltic Sea: Towards an Integrated Model of Protection and Resilience
Pub. online: 27 April 2026
Type: Research Article
Open Access
Open Access
Received
1 August 2025
1 August 2025
Accepted
11 September 2025
11 September 2025
Published
27 April 2026
27 April 2026
Abstract
Poland’s rapid expansion of offshore wind farms (OWFs) in the Baltic Sea elevates them to the status of critical infrastructure central to energy security. This article examines the legal responsibilities, institutional arrangements, and operational challenges in protecting OWFs against hybrid threats such as sabotage, espionage, and cyberattacks. It analyses national frameworks, EU directives (CER and NIS2), and the roles of the Navy, Border Guard, Maritime Offices, Government Centre for Security (RCB), and private operators. This work offers a responsibility matrix which highlights both institutional overlaps as well as gaps. The article concludes with recommendations for legal reforms, capability development, and inter-agency coordination to strengthen Poland’s offshore wind infrastructure.
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