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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOBS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal on Baltic Security</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2382-9230</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2382-9222</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>BDC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JOBS-3-1-JOBS-2017-0004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/jobs-2017-0004</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Declared and Undeclared Wars</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Värk</surname>
            <given-names>René</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:href="mailto:rene.vark@ut.ee">rene.vark@ut.ee</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="j_JOBS_aff_000"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">∗</xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="j_JOBS_aff_000">University of Tartu; Estonian National Defence College</aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author.</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>25</fpage>
      <lpage>31</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Open Access. ©</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>René Värk</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Occasionally, people characterise foreign military interventions as “undeclared wars”. It is not entirely clear what is the meaning and value of such a qualification, but it seems that they want to add an extra weight to their condemnation. Still, does it have legal significance? At times, international law demanded that States issued a declaration of war before the commencement of hostilities but the obligation was mostly ignored for varied reasons. Notably, between two world wars, States avoided</p>
        <p>certain legal obligations (e.g. the prohibition to use war, the rules of warfare) by not declaring or otherwise recognising a state of war. After the Second World  </p>
        <p>War, considering the earlier abuses, States redesigned</p>
        <p>the international legal regulations in a way that the declaration of war became practically irrelevant when it comes to the legality or illegality of the use of armed force, or to the application of law.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>armed conflict</kwd>
        <kwd>use of force</kwd>
        <kwd>declaration of war</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
