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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JOBS</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Journal on Baltic Security</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2382-9230</issn>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">2382-9222</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>BDC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">JOBS-3-1-JOBS-2017-0003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/jobs-2017-0003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Baltic states should adopt the self-defence pinpricks doctrine: the “accumulation of events” threshold as a deterrent to Russian hybrid warfare</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nader</surname>
            <given-names>Philippe Bou</given-names>
          </name>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <volume>3</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>24</lpage>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2017</year>
      </pub-date>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2017</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Open Access. ©</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder>Philippe Bou Nader</copyright-holder>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>This article addresses a key legal debate that the Baltic NATO members ought to engage in: what constitutes an “armed attack” and what interpretation should be made of this concept in order to deter recent Russian hybrid warfare strategies. These questions are considered in connection with a more general issue regarding the law of self-defence: the question of what constitutes an armed attack in international law. This article will try to present a broad definition and context of Russian hybrid warfare and how it is challenging traditional jus ad bellum paradigms. Too few policy-makers have paid detailed attention to the new Russian “lawfare” in Ukraine, using specific military and non-military tactics in order to blur the lines between “armed attack” and mere political intervention. Meanwhile, legal scholars detach their analysis from actual policy-serving considerations and tend to acquiesce to some very restrictive theories of the use force in self-defence. For some countries, like the Baltic ones, facing strategic exposure – because of both threatening neighbours and low military capacities – the jus ad bellum paradigm should not be construed as another layer of obstacle.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Keywords</label>
        <kwd>self-defence</kwd>
        <kwd>Baltic States</kwd>
        <kwd>hybrid warfare</kwd>
        <kwd>Russia</kwd>
        <kwd>NATO</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>
